TAMUCC Department of Chemistry

Study Guide for Final Exam Summer II 2009 COMPLETE 6:50 PM Aug 4

The exam will cover Chapters 20 - 24 of Medicinal Chemistry and Chapters 24 and 41 of Pharmacology, 4th Ed. The exam will contain a variety of question types. There will be multiple choice questions and some of these will be taken intact from the Concept Questions linked on the preceding web page. Only the questions in these ranges 8.1 - 9.9 and 11.1 - 12.3 could be included. There may also be definitions, short answer, and discussion questions designed to be answered in complete sentences. The list of items is roughly in the order of the lectures except for Ch 20 Antivirals which is last. Email joe.loter@tamucc.edu if you have questions about these numbered items or the test in general that have not been addressed in lecture.

Define the term neoplasm. When is a neoplasm considered benign and when is it malignant?
Name at least four types of viruses and the types of cancer that they are believed to cause.
Define proto-oncogenes and oncogenes. What is the name of the human gene that is mutated in 20-30% of all cancer?
Except for the 3 immediately preceding questions most of the material in the Ch 21 Power Point will be tested via multiple choice questions written by me. Study slide 16 which lists a number of drugs which interfere with DNA or RNA or Protein synthesis in cancer cells. For each drug listed note the mechanism of action. See also the drugs and mechanisms listed on the remaining slides 17 – 27 which show structures which appear in Med Chem.
Be able to describe the divisions of the nervous system where the neurotransmitters acetylcholine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine play their roles. (See slide 8 of the Ch 22 Power Point or slide 3 of the Ch 23 file.) Which of these three natural substances can be administered as drugs and which cannot?
Contrast in general terms the physiological functions of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. (The simple phrases “fight or flight” and “rest and digest” may be useful.) Give the neurotransmitters used in each. (Some overlap with preceding question.)
Draw the structure of acetylcholine and comment on the stability of the structure. Draw the structure of the degradation products of acetylcholine when it is degraded by acetylcholinesterase.
Any further questions from the Ch 22 Power Point will be multiple choice questions.
Describe the distinction between the alpha- and beta- adrenoreceptors in terms of their affinity for epinephrine, norepinephrine, and isoproterenol. Rank these binding agents in terms of their steric bulk.
In a multiple choice question showing structures distinguish between structures of adrenergic agonists which are catecholamines and which are noncatecholamines. Know which type have a longer duration of action. Know which subtype of agonists are the most useful clinically.
Describe the beta-blocking characteristics of propranolol giving the subtypes of receptors to which it binds. What are its physiological effects, what conditions can it treat, and what are its disadvantages and contraindications?
What are MAO and COMT? What type of biomolecules and what role do they play in the chemistry of adrenergic messengers?
There may be other multiple choice questions based on the Ch 23 Power Point.
Know and characterize the binding site for opiates. Specifically know the role of the aromatic ring, the phenolic OH group, the positively charged nitrogen. See the Beckett-Casy hypothesis or Section 24.5 of Med Chem.
Describe possible therapeutic roles for morphine antagonists such as naloxone, naltrexone, nalophine.
Discuss the therapeutic uses of methodone. See slide 20 of the Ch 24 presentation.
Name and characterize the three types of analgesic receptors: mu, kappa, and delta plus the additional sigma receptor. See section 24.4 and Table 24.1 (p 649) of Med Chem. Know which receptors bind morphine and which does not. Know which suppresses respiration, which may lead to addiction, which is hallucinogenic, which analgesic, which are the binding sites of enkephalins.
In a multiple choice question, recognize the structures of morphine, codeine, and heroin or diamorphine. See Figures 24.1, 24.2, and 24.4.
Know that codeine is actually a prodrug for morphine as the liver removes the MeO- group and replaces it with HO- converting it to morphine.
Know which aminoacid is the N-terminus of the enkephalins and endomorphins. What structural features does it share with morphine? (Aromatic ring, phenolic OH, basic nitrogen atom)
Explain how the pancreas is both an exocrine and endocrine grand. Name the two types of hormones involved in blood glucose regulation (insulin and glucagon), what is the general effect of each on blood glucose concentration, and in what type of cells are each produced.
Briefly distinguish between the 4 types of diabetes. See slide 4 of the Power Point.
Be prepared for multiple choice questions covering Type 1 vs. Type 2 as in Figure 24.2 (slide 5).
Be prepared for multiple choice questions covering types of oral hypoglycemic drugs and their tendency to cause hypoglycemia (slides 7 & 9).
Describe the situation when anti-inflammatory drugs may be appropriate for use. (See slide 2 of the Ch 41 (Pharmacology) Power Point.)
Describe the role of prostaglandins in causing inflammation and how COX inhibitors can serve as anti-inflammatory drugs.
Be prepared for multiple choice questions covering other aspects of the drugs in Ch 41, for example acetaminophen vs. NSAIDs, safety of over-the-counter NSAIDs, etc.
Antivirals: Be able to describe in general terms the structure of a virus.
Antivirals: Define a retrovirus. What types of retroviruses are threats to human health? What does it mean when the viral RNA genome is denoted (+) or (-)?
Antivirals: Know what is meant by the following abbreviations: NRTIs and NNRTIs
Antivirals: Know why protease inhibitors to HIV protease are important drugs.
Antivirals: Explain why aciclovir (Fig 20.3, p 479) is an effective drug against viral DNA polymerase and why it does not affect DNA syntheses in the host cells.

		Chemistry


Home Degrees People Faculty Staff Assistants WorkStudies Researchers Events Courses Laboratories Instrumentation NMR Equipment Safety Research Welch SSC Workshop Chemistry Database MSDS Links Chemistry Club ACS South Texas Section Physical & Environmental Sciences TAMUCC	Study Guide for Final Exam Summer II 2009 COMPLETE 6:50 PM Aug 4 The exam will cover Chapters 20 - 24 of Medicinal Chemistry and Chapters 24 and 41 of Pharmacology, 4th Ed. The exam will contain a variety of question types. There will be multiple choice questions and some of these will be taken intact from the Concept Questions linked on the preceding web page. Only the questions in these ranges 8.1 - 9.9 and 11.1 - 12.3 could be included. There may also be definitions, short answer, and discussion questions designed to be answered in complete sentences. The list of items is roughly in the order of the lectures except for Ch 20 Antivirals which is last. Email joe.loter@tamucc.edu if you have questions about these numbered items or the test in general that have not been addressed in lecture. Define the term neoplasm. When is a neoplasm considered benign and when is it malignant? Name at least four types of viruses and the types of cancer that they are believed to cause. Define proto-oncogenes and oncogenes. What is the name of the human gene that is mutated in 20-30% of all cancer? Except for the 3 immediately preceding questions most of the material in the Ch 21 Power Point will be tested via multiple choice questions written by me. Study slide 16 which lists a number of drugs which interfere with DNA or RNA or Protein synthesis in cancer cells. For each drug listed note the mechanism of action. See also the drugs and mechanisms listed on the remaining slides 17 – 27 which show structures which appear in Med Chem. Be able to describe the divisions of the nervous system where the neurotransmitters acetylcholine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine play their roles. (See slide 8 of the Ch 22 Power Point or slide 3 of the Ch 23 file.) Which of these three natural substances can be administered as drugs and which cannot? Contrast in general terms the physiological functions of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. (The simple phrases “fight or flight” and “rest and digest” may be useful.) Give the neurotransmitters used in each. (Some overlap with preceding question.) Draw the structure of acetylcholine and comment on the stability of the structure. Draw the structure of the degradation products of acetylcholine when it is degraded by acetylcholinesterase. Any further questions from the Ch 22 Power Point will be multiple choice questions. Describe the distinction between the alpha- and beta- adrenoreceptors in terms of their affinity for epinephrine, norepinephrine, and isoproterenol. Rank these binding agents in terms of their steric bulk. In a multiple choice question showing structures distinguish between structures of adrenergic agonists which are catecholamines and which are noncatecholamines. Know which type have a longer duration of action. Know which subtype of agonists are the most useful clinically. Describe the beta-blocking characteristics of propranolol giving the subtypes of receptors to which it binds. What are its physiological effects, what conditions can it treat, and what are its disadvantages and contraindications? What are MAO and COMT? What type of biomolecules and what role do they play in the chemistry of adrenergic messengers? There may be other multiple choice questions based on the Ch 23 Power Point. Know and characterize the binding site for opiates. Specifically know the role of the aromatic ring, the phenolic OH group, the positively charged nitrogen. See the Beckett-Casy hypothesis or Section 24.5 of Med Chem. Describe possible therapeutic roles for morphine antagonists such as naloxone, naltrexone, nalophine. Discuss the therapeutic uses of methodone. See slide 20 of the Ch 24 presentation. Name and characterize the three types of analgesic receptors: mu, kappa, and delta plus the additional sigma receptor. See section 24.4 and Table 24.1 (p 649) of Med Chem. Know which receptors bind morphine and which does not. Know which suppresses respiration, which may lead to addiction, which is hallucinogenic, which analgesic, which are the binding sites of enkephalins. In a multiple choice question, recognize the structures of morphine, codeine, and heroin or diamorphine. See Figures 24.1, 24.2, and 24.4. Know that codeine is actually a prodrug for morphine as the liver removes the MeO- group and replaces it with HO- converting it to morphine. Know which aminoacid is the N-terminus of the enkephalins and endomorphins. What structural features does it share with morphine? (Aromatic ring, phenolic OH, basic nitrogen atom) Explain how the pancreas is both an exocrine and endocrine grand. Name the two types of hormones involved in blood glucose regulation (insulin and glucagon), what is the general effect of each on blood glucose concentration, and in what type of cells are each produced. Briefly distinguish between the 4 types of diabetes. See slide 4 of the Power Point. Be prepared for multiple choice questions covering Type 1 vs. Type 2 as in Figure 24.2 (slide 5). Be prepared for multiple choice questions covering types of oral hypoglycemic drugs and their tendency to cause hypoglycemia (slides 7 & 9). Describe the situation when anti-inflammatory drugs may be appropriate for use. (See slide 2 of the Ch 41 (Pharmacology) Power Point.) Describe the role of prostaglandins in causing inflammation and how COX inhibitors can serve as anti-inflammatory drugs. Be prepared for multiple choice questions covering other aspects of the drugs in Ch 41, for example acetaminophen vs. NSAIDs, safety of over-the-counter NSAIDs, etc. Antivirals: Be able to describe in general terms the structure of a virus. Antivirals: Define a retrovirus. What types of retroviruses are threats to human health? What does it mean when the viral RNA genome is denoted (+) or (-)? Antivirals: Know what is meant by the following abbreviations: NRTIs and NNRTIs Antivirals: Know why protease inhibitors to HIV protease are important drugs. Antivirals: Explain why aciclovir (Fig 20.3, p 479) is an effective drug against viral DNA polymerase and why it does not affect DNA syntheses in the host cells.